O.Wilde, Preface to 'The Picture of Dorian Gray'

The artist is the creator of beautiful things. (...)
Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming. This is a fault.
Those who find beautiful meanings in beautiful things are the cultivated. For these there is hope.
They are the elect to whom beautiful things mean only Beauty.
There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. (...)

No artist is ever morbid. The artist can express everything. (...)
All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril.
Those who read the symbol do so at their peril.
It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors.
Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex, and vital.
When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself...


O. Wilde (1854-1900),
Preface to 'The Picture of Dorian Gray'


Thursday, June 30, 2011

Edward Henry Potthast, paintings



Edward Henry Potthast


1857-1927

 
American Impressionist painter

E.H. Potthast is famous for his paintings concerning people at leisure
in Central Park,
 on the beaches of New York 
and  New England.




























Thursday, June 23, 2011

Ad Lucilium, Liber VIII, Seneca

           Seneca the Younger               ca. 4 BCE - 65 CE

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist
(Silver Age of Latin literature)



Il vero bene è la virtù

Quicumque beatus esse constituet, unum esse bonum putet 1quod honestum est; nam si ullum aliud existimat, primum male de providentia iudicat, quia multa incommoda iustis viris accidunt, et quia2 quidquid nobis dedit breve est et exiguum si compares mundi totius aevo. Ex hac deploratione nascitur ut3 ingrati divinorum interpretes simus: querimur quod non semper, quod et pauca nobis et incerta et abitura contingant. Inde est quod nec vivere nec mori volumus: vitae nos odium tenet, timor mortis. Natat omne consilium nec implere nos ulla felicitas potest. Causa autem est quod non pervenimus ad illud bonum immensum et insuperabile ubi necesse est resistat voluntas nostra quia ultra summum non est locus. Quaeris quare virtus nullo egeat? Praesentibus4 gaudet, non concupiscit absentia; nihil non5 illi magnum est quod satis. Ab hoc discede iudicio: non pietas constabit, non fides, multa enim utramque praestare cupienti patienda sunt ex iis quae mala vocantur, multa impendenda ex iis quibus indulgemus tamquam bonis. Perit fortitudo, quae periculum facere debet sui; perit magnanimitas, quae non potest eminere nisi omnia velut minuta contempsit quae pro maximis vulgus optat; perit gratia et relatio gratiae si timemus laborem, si quicquam pretiosius fide novimus, si non optima spectamus.

                                          
                                           Ad Lucilium - Liber VIII
                                    Lettere LXXII-LXIV

Italian translation:
Se uno vuole essere felice, si convinca che l’unico bene è la virtù; se pensa che ce ne sia qualche altro, prima di tutto giudica male la provvidenza, perché agli uomini onesti capitano molte disgrazie e perché tutti i beni che essa ci ha concesso sono insignificanti e di breve durata, se paragonati all’età dell’universo. Conseguenza di questi lamenti è che non manifestiamo gratitudine per i benefici divini: deploriamo che non ci capitino sempre, che siano scarsi, incerti e caduchi. Ne deriva che non vogliamo né vivere né morire: odiamo la vita, temiamo la morte. Ogni nostro disegno è incerto e non siamo mai pienamente felici: Il motivo è che non siamo arrivati a quel bene immenso e insuperabile dove la nostra volontà necessariamente si arresta: oltre la vetta non c’è niente. Chiedi perché la virtù non provi nessun bisogno? Gode delle cose che ha, non desidera le cose che gli mancano; per essa è grande quanto le basta. Abbandona questo criterio e verranno a cadere il sentimento religioso, la lealtà: infatti chi vuole mantenere l’uno e l’altra deve sopportare molti dei cosiddetti mali, rinunciare a molte cose di cui si compiace come se fossero beni. Scompare la forza d’animo, che deve mettere se stessa alla prova; scompare la magnanimità, che(la quale) non può emergere se non disprezza come cose di poco conto tutti quei beni che la massa desidera e tiene nella massima considerazione; scompaiono la gratitudine e i rapporti di gratitudine, se temiamo la fatica, se pensiamo che ci sia qualcosa di più prezioso della lealtà, se non miriamo al meglio.

Seneca, life


Ancient bust of Seneca, 
Antikensammlung Berlin




Seneca
the Younger              


         ca. 4 BCE - 65 CE



Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist


(Silver Age of Latin literature)









Seneca’s family was from Cordoba in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), but they probably came from Etruria. Unfortunately we don’t know if Seneca was born there.
He was the second son of Helvia and Lucius Annaeus Seneca, who was a rich rhetorician known as Seneca the Elder.  His brother Gallio became proconsul in the Roman province of Achaea, while his younger brother Annaeus Mela's son was Marcus Annaeus Lucanus..
He studied rhetoric in Rome and learnt Hellenic Stoic philosophy thanks to Attalus and Sotion. Seneca had a poor health and this is described in his own writings. He was probably nursed by an aunt of his, as it is known that she was in Egypt with him from 16 to 31 AD. They returned to Rome in 31, and she helped Seneca in his campaign for his first magistracy.
Caligula, who became emperor in 38, didn’t like Seneca. As a matter of fact, there was a severe conflict between them. It is said that Caligula spared Seneca’s life only because he expected his life to be near its end.
After Claudius succeeded Caligula in 41, Seneca was banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Caligula's sister Julia Livilla. Seneca spent his exile in philosophical and natural study and wrote the Consolations.
 In 49 Agrippina the Younger (Claudius' fourth wife)  had Seneca recalled to Rome to tutor her son Nero, who was 12 at the time. When Claudius died in 54, she secured recognition of Nero as emperor, rather than Claudius' son Britannnicus.
From 54 to 62, Seneca acted as Nero's advisor, along with Sextus Afranius Burrus, the praetorian prefect. Seneca's influence was particularly strong in the first year of reign and many historians think Nero's early rule to be quite competent and good. With time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over Nero. In 59 they had reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's murder, and afterward Seneca wrote a dishonest exculpation of Nero to the Senate. With the death of Burrus in 62, Seneca retired and devoted his time again to study and writing.
In 65, Seneca was thought involved in a plot to kill Nero. Although it is unlikely that he conspired, he was ordered by Nero to kill himself. He followed tradition by severing several veins so as to bleed to death, and it is said that his wife Pompeia Paulina attempted to share his own fate. It is possible to find a rather romanticized account of the suicide in Tacitus (Book XV, Chapters 60 through 64 of his Annals). According to it, Nero ordered Seneca's wife to be saved. Her wounds were bound up and she made no further attempt to kill herself. As for Seneca himself, he didn’t die because of the bleeding and so, after dictating his last words to a scribe, and with a circle of friends attending him in his home, he immersed himself in a warm bath, which was expected to speed blood flow and ease his pain. Tacitus wrote in his Annals of Imperial Rome  that Seneca suffocated because of the water vapor rising from the bath.




Luca Giordano, The death of Seneca (1684)


Tuesday, June 21, 2011

The Summer Solstice

  

21st   June   2011     



Thanks to the great power of our star, the Sun, civilizations have for centuries celebrated the first day of summer, known as Summer Solstice, Midsummer (Shakespeare!), St. John’s Day, the Wiccan Litha, ect…


               ‘Swift as a shadow, short as any dream;
                Brief as the lightning in the collied night’
                                         A Midsummer Night's Dream, 1. 1
In the northern hemisphere the Summer Solstice is the day of the year when the Sun is farthest north. It is the longest day of the year (and, as a consequence, and the shortest night of the year).
Sol + stice derives from a combination of Latin words meaning "sun" + "to stand still." As the days lengthen, the sun rises higher and higher until it seems to stand still in the sky.

The Celts & Slavs celebrated the first day of summer with dancing & bonfires to help increase the sun's energy.

                        

The Chinese marked the day by honouring Li, the Chinese Goddess of Light.
Pagans called the Midsummer moon the "Honey Moon" for the mead made from fermented honey that was part of wedding ceremonies performed at the Summer Solstice. Moreover they celebrated Midsummer with bonfires, when couples would leap through the flames, believing their crops would grow as high as the couples were able to jump. Midsummer was thought to be a time of magic, when evil spirits were said to appear. To defeat them, Pagans often wore protective garlands of herbs and flowers.
  
The Wiccan Litha


Today, the Summer Solstice is still celebrated around the world - most notably at the sites of Stonehenge and Avebury, in England,  where lots and lots of people from everywhere  gather to welcome the sunrise on such a special day.